Josephus' Testimonium Flavianum
This is the reply I got from the foremost scholar on
Josephus today (apart from Louis Feldman). Steve Mason is editor-in-chief
of EJ Brill’s multi-volume on the works of Josephus:
http://www.brill.nl/publicatio...
On 18-Feb-09, at 8:27 PM, Harry McCall wrote:
Professor Mason,
I have several volumes in the Brill series Flavius Josephus:
Translation and Commentary of which you are the editor. I’ve
noticed that Volume 8 edited by P. Bilde and T.P. Wiseman was due out
in ’08, but according to Brill it is either not completed or in the press.
Do you know how they will treat the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. XVIII. 63
- 4) concerning Jesus?
Many scholars seem to think the Testimonium is an interpolation as
based on the reading of John Meier in his Anchor Bibles Supplements “A
Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus” (1991, p.61) in which
he re-edits it by leaving out the claim that Jesus was the Messiah and the part
on the Jesus’ resurrection on the third day ending with him doing “…other
wondrous things…”.
Without hard facts as to exactly which parts are Christian interpolations, it
appears to me that Prof. Meier’s editing and reconstruction is purely
subjective. That is, he simply removed any early Christian creedal
confessions (Messiah / Resurrection / Wondrous deeds) and then claims the remaining Testimonium is
convincingly authentic!
I’ve noticed a shift in Dr. Feldman’s thinking as seen in the below statement
in a lecture.
Louis Feldman:
“It's very interesting that there is one other account which, if it is
authentic, does deal with the crucifixion. And that is by the Jewish historian
Josephus. The question is whether Josephus really wrote it. And I've
written about that, and I've come to the conclusion that he couldn't have
written it, certainly in the form that we have it, because Origen, the
Christian church father, at one point says that Josephus didn't recognize that
Jesus was the Christos.http://www.tzemachdovid.org/israel/fe...
When I consider the subjectivity of John Meier’s re-editing and the above view
by Dr. Feldman, I find myself more in line with Dr. Feldman in that Josephus
“couldn't have written it”.
Do you find John Meier’s re-editing or Dr. Feldman’s view more convincing?
Thanks for your time and any comments.
Sincerely,
Harry McCall
Dear Mr. McCall:
Thanks for
your email. I'm travelling for research but will try to answer your questions
compactly. First, Per Bilde had to withdraw from the project because of a very
serious illness, which had him hospitalized for nearly a year and recuperating
long after. That section is now in the hands of Prof Daniel Schwartz of the Hebrew University.
It won't appear for another three years or more.
On the
testimonium there are many things to say, but the short answer is that I expect
Schwartz will handle it responsibly, as both Meier and Feldman do. I'm not sure
where you see the difference between them. They agree that Josephus could not
have written the TF as we have it in our manuscripts. Feldman says that much
and Meier agrees, but goes on to make some reasoned proposals about the
original form that Josephus did write (not the one that we have).
By 1863
(this is not a typo) there were already hundreds of studies of the TF in
existence -- so many that a writer of that year despaired of saying anything
new on the subject. Since then a few new arguments have emerged in thousands of
studies.
I don't know
why you think that Meier is being particularly subjective, but here is the
situation in brief. (If you want to read about it seriously, I recommend Alice
Whealey, Josephus on Jesus : the testimonium Flavianum controversy from
late antiquity to modern times.
External
evidence makes it nearly impossible to imagine that Josephus wrote what we
have, especially the line 'He [Jesus] was the Christos." The problem is
that Origen, who knew the later volumes of Ant.
quite well and stretches even Jos's discussion of James in a Christian
direction, clearly knew nothing of this. He didn't mention it and also lamented
that Jos. was an unbeliever. Later the Christian author who wrote Ps-Hegesippus
vehemently denounced Josephus' unbelief, and rewrote his works in a Christian
way. He obviously didn't know this line either. And Jerome, who knew Jos's
works very well, quotes him here as saying only that Jesus was believed to be
the Christos (by his followers), which is a very different thing. It is
extremely difficult to explain this and other evidence in the Christian use of
Josephus if he had simply written what we have in our mss.
Internal
evidence is the other kind that needs to be considered. There, on the one hand,
there are at least half a dozen phrases that are characteristic of Josephus,
characteristic of Antiquities, and even characteristic of the unusual style
that Josephus adopts in Ant. 17-19. This all
strongly suggests that Josephus wrote something here in this passage about
Jesus. Ancient forgers were not, on the whole, clever enough (or better: did
not have the tools) to make such fine imitations. On the other hand, there are
a few oddities (e.g., in the use of poihths), and there is even what seems to
be one Eusebianism (i.e., distinctive style of the fourth-cent. Eusebius, who
used Jos. extensively). The biggest problem of all would be Josephus'
unparalleled use of a label such as Christos without any concern for his
(Roman) audience's lack of understanding of the term.
So we end up
with the near-consensus position, shared by Feldman, Meier, myself and many
others (cf. my discussion in Josephus and the New Testament, 2003): that
Josephus wrote something about Jesus, but not what we have in the manuscripts,
which date from the 10th cent. at earliest (possibly late 9th), and which seem
to have been influenced to some degree by their Christian transmitters. But
that degree might be very slight indeed -- perhaps only 'believed to be' has
dropped out of the Christos line. Most people think a little more has been
changed, and there are dozens or hundreds of proposals about what exactly. We
can't know with any confidence. But the reasons for all this are far from
arbitrary: they have to do with evidence that needs explaining, both internal
and external.
I hope that
this is helpful. Sincerely,
steve mason
___________________________________________________
Steve Mason, Professor of History and Graduate Humanities
Canada Research Chair in Greco-Roman Cultural Interaction
Lead Investigator, Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement (PACE)
Department of History, 2140 Vari Hall
[Office: N837 Ross Building]
York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
416-736-2100 ext. 44514; FAX 416-736-5836; smason@yorku.ca
www.yorku.ca/smason
Project site: pace.cns.yorku.ca
In : Religion